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The Epic Interactive Encyclopedia 1998
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Epic Interactive Encyclopedia, The - 1998 Edition (1998)(Epic Marketing).iso
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Vico,_Giambattista
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1992-09-01
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1668-1744. Italian philosopher, considered
the founder of the modern philosophy of
history. He rejected Descartes' emphasis on
the mathematical and natural sciences, and
argued that we can understand history more
adequately than nature, since it is we who
have made it. He believed that the study of
language, ritual, and myth was a way of
understanding earlier societies. His cyclical
theory of history (the birth, development,
and decline of human societies) was put
forward in New Science 1725. He postulated
that society passes through a cycle of four
phases: the divine, or theocratic, when
people are governed by their awe of the
supernatural; the aristocratic, or `heroic'
(Homer, Beowulf); the democratic and
individualistic; and chaos, a fall into
confusion that startles people back into
supernatural reverence. This is expressed in
his dictum verum et factum convertuntur (`the
true and the made are convertible'). His
belief that the study of language and rituals
was a better way of understanding early
societies was a departure from the
traditional ways of writing history either as
biographies or as preordained God's will. He
was born in Naples and was professor of
rhetoric there 1698. He became
historiographer to the king of Naples 1735.